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Posted 09-21-2021 4:08:17 PM
Person-Situation Interactions
 

Over the years, psychologists proposed different theories aimed to explain human personality. The representatives of the humanistic psychological school also offered unique theories of personality. The American humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers developed two distinct theories that emphasized the uniqueness of every human being and focused on personal growth and responsibility.

Maslow believed that humans are innately good. The psychologist asserted that every person has inborn tendencies toward growth and development, which he named instinctoid tendencies. In childhood, these positive tendencies are weak, and an unfavorable environment can easily compromise their development. As a result, children may become aggressive. In case instinctoid tendencies are encouraged, children will demonstrate generosity, honesty, love, and kindness.

Based on the observation of self-sufficient, independent, and creative adults, Maslow created a hierarchy of needs. It demonstrates the extent of impact that growth needs have on personality formation. Maslow’s hierarchy consists of five levels, namely physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The psychologist put these needs in the order from the strongest ones to the weakest ones. The lower-level needs, such as physiological and safety needs, constitute the basis of Maslow’s pyramid since they are necessary for human survival. These needs arise in infancy, and they have high priority. The higher-level needs, in their turn, emerge in adolescence. They are weaker and less necessary for survival than the lower-level needs. However, the satisfaction of higher-order needs entails fulfillment and happiness. Therefore, Maslow coined the terms deficiency needs and growth needs in order to differentiate lower-level and higher-level needs respectively.

The physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy comprise breathing, thirst, hunger, sleep, and sex. Once these needs are gratified, a person moves to the next level of needs. The safety needs imply a safe living environment, security, and self-protection. In case the above-mentioned needs are at least partially satisfied, the higher-level needs become dominant. Thus, belongingness needs are expressed through acceptance, love, and friendship. People may recognize their loneliness and strive to make friends and socialize.

After the gratification of the belongingness and love needs, a person is driven by two types of esteem needs, namely respect from oneself and from other people. When esteem needs are met, a person is confident in his/her worth and strength. Eventually, a person becomes competent in all aspects of his/her life. Conversely, a lack of self-esteem results in feeling helpless. The need for self-actualization is in the top of Maslow’s hierarchy. A person may satisfy all his/her lower-level needs and succeed in his/her life. However, he/she may still be unhappy and discontent because the need for self-actualization is not met. A person becomes self-actualized when he/she fully uses his/her potential. Self-actualization represents the maximum realization of human abilities and talents. Thus, according to Maslow’s hierarchy, growth needs greatly influence personality formation because they motivate human behavior.

Another humanistic personality theory is the person-centered theory developed by Carl Rogers. Unlike Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Rogers’s theory is based on his observation of disturbed adolescents. The psychologist believed that every person has the ability to change his/her life. Rogers emphasized the importance of the self as a critical factor in the personality development.

According to Rogers’s ideas, the self implies a perception of personal identity that evolves during a person’s life. It is formed of concepts unique to every person, namely ideal self, self-image, and true self. Thus, an ideal image is a desirable image of oneself. It includes a person’s ambitions and goals in life. Self-image, in its turn, represents a person’s subjective perception of his/her body and personality. It influences the way of thinking and behavior. Lastly, true self implies who a person actually is.

The difference between ideal self and self-image results in a state of incongruence. An incongruent person becomes dissatisfied, vulnerable, and confused. The greater the gap between ideal self and self-image, the more anxiety a person tends to experience. Conversely, if the self-image matches the ideal self, it ensures the state of congruence. Only a congruent person has an ability to actualize his/her potential.

Maslow’s and Rogers’s definitions of self-actualization are similar. Both psychologists regard it as an inborn, positive drive to realize one’s potential and develop. However, Maslow asserted that psychological problems stem from a person’s inability to satisfy certain needs. Rogers, in his turn, believed that blocks in human actualizing tendency entail psychological problems. Thus, an unfavorable environment with a lack of opportunities for self-actualization disrupts the process of human self-actualization.

Both humanistic theories of personality development seem to be reasonable. However, I consider that I relate to the person-centered theory created by Rogers. Rogers’s ideas of self-concepts and congruency are more consistent with my personality than Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 

I think that my self-image matches my ideal self; thus, I am socially poised and confident. In conclusion, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’s person-centered theory highlight the peculiarities of personality formation from the humanistic perspective. Both theories present the positive image of human nature. Maslow and Rogers regarded human beings as future oriented and capable of growth and self-actualization. Maslow was convinced that the satisfaction of human needs influences the formation of personality. Without the gratification of basic needs, a person is not able to self-actualize. Rogers, in his turn, argued that a person’s self-actualization depends on how well his/her self-image match his/her ideal self.

This material was provided by Kyle Mitchel who works at marketing plan writing service https://topwritingservice.com/writing-a-marketing-plan/
 
  
 
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